The dotted blue curves represent the envelope of most disdrometer observations in Florida ( Brandes et al. (2008), and the dashed blue curve is the expected Z H– Z DR in Florida, based on disdrometer data from Zhang et al. The blue solid curve is expected Z H– Z DR in Oklahoma, based on disdrometer data from Cao et al. Pairs of Z H– Z DR for the DSD at each time and height level from the full-physics simulation with initial MP DSD (black markers) and (a) breakup-only simulation (green markers) and (b) coalescence only (purple markers). 6, but for a comparison between simulations (black circles) and the CSAPR data from over northern Oklahoma (gray squares) during MC3E. In (b), the microphysical processes represented by each quadrant or “fingerprint” are annotated.Īs in Fig. (b) The change in Z DR vs the change in Z H. (a) The change in Z DR over a 3-km layer as a function of the initial Z DR at the top of that layer. 4d and 5, but for a comparison of simulated (black circles) and SPol-observed fingerprints in tropical convective (gray triangles) and stratiform (gray squares) rain events from DYNAMO/ARM-AMIE.
Raindrop ring full#
These simulations employ full collisional physics.Īs in Figs. The quadrant marked “evaporation” indicates the region of Δ Z H–Δ Z DR space in (a) and Δ Z DR–Δ K DP space in (b) expected for evaporation. Calculations are performed at 20☌ for S band (large black dots), C band (medium-sized blue dots), and X band (small red dots). (b) As in (a), but for changes in K DP as a function of the change in Z DR. (a) Change in Z DR as a function of the change in Z H over the 3-km rain shaft for a variety of initial DSDs. Simulations include full collisional physics. The stratification of the data points particularly evident in (a) is by RR. Large black circles indicate S band, medium blue circles indicate C band, and small red circles indicate X band. The changes in Z DR and K DP between the initial and final DSDs are given.Ĭhanges in (a) Z H as a function of initial Z H, (b) Z DR as a function of initial Z H, (c) Z H as a function of initial Z DR, (d) Z DR as a function of initial Z DR. Initial DSD aloft (gray dashed line) and final DSD at the ground (black) for RR of 20 mm h −1 with differing initial shape parameter: (a) μ = −1, (b) μ = 0, (c) μ = 2, and (d) μ = 5. (column 5) The initial Marshall–Palmer DSD aloft (black dashed line) and the final DSD at the ground after 60 min (gray solid curves). (columns 1–4) Vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables after 60 min of simulation, for (a)–(e) aerodynamic breakup only, (f)–(j) collisional breakup only, (k)–(o) coalescence only, and (p)–(t) full collisional physics. Full physics (i.e., settling, collisional breakup, aerodynamic breakup, and coalescence) are considered. The model is initialized aloft with a Marshall–Palmer DSD. Simulated vertical profiles of (a) Z H, (b) Z DR, (c) K DP, and (d) RR for six different times: t = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min shown as gray curves, labeled in (a), and t = 60 min, shown as the black curve.
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